Weight Loss Tips – Eight Simple but Effective Permanent Methods

Do you have also problem with your weight? People who had problem on their weight always seek for an easy but effective weight loss program or planning on the newspaper, television, and in the internet. Therefore, I may consider these selected tips to be more simple, easy and helpful to a person looking to lose their weight. If you want to know on how or/and how you will maintain your current weight, this is the right for you as it was the more practical than other… Read More!

1. Healthy Eating Breakfast (Especially Cereal) – During breakfast you eat fewer calories, less saturated fat, cholesterol, and have a better overall nutritional status. Based on the Nielsen’s National Eating Trends Survey, those who ate their cereal on regular basis had a less than pounds on their weight comparing to those who rarely or not at all ate their cereal. It also helps to lesser your habit on eating “Junk Foods” upon your break time or snack time.
2. Eat Slowly – One of the methods that can help to take off some pounds in your body. The study show, from the time you begin eating it takes 15 to 20 minutes to accept the signal of fullness by our brain. Therefore, the person who eats slowly and takes smaller bites on eating has the fewer calories that may consume compared to those who eat quickly.
3. Don’t Ever Skip Your Meal – If you think if help on losing will weight, well you’re absolutely wrong. Because the next meal you eat will just converted into pure FATs that may cause more weight rather than losing a weight.
4. Plus Herbal Supplements To Meet Daily Requirements – it play a key role to help those dieters to meet the required daily nutrition. In a review published in the Journal of the American Dietetic Association, researchers noted that “the goal in planning weight-reduction diets is that total intake from food and supplements should meet recommended dietary allowance and/or adequate intake levels...If nutrient amounts from food sources in the reducing diet fall short...a multivitamin-mineral combination may be helpful.”
5. Add Fruits and Vegetables In Your Meal – It’s another way of helping you to cut down the possibility of more calories you would take from your ordinary meal.
6. Exercise is nothing new but still Essential – This is the most common way of losing weight but probably one of the most effective methods on losing weight. For you to be able succeed on losing weight, you should take a session for about 30 minutes exercise on every five days or 10 minutes per day in a five days session. Find a way to make your exercise something you may enjoy as well like walking or judging with your friends to avoid the “no time for exercise” habits and get positive benefits on your part.
7. Drink at Least Eight Glass Of Water Daily – Another good components in diet plan, one of the reason why it was usually recommend it just because it also help to lesser your eating habit, flushes out all the unwanted waste in your body, and for quick digestion too.
8. Get a better sleep – lack of proper sleeping can results on overeating. Study shows that there are two specific hormones are involved. First is Ghrelin is responsible for feelings of hunger. And second is the Leptin which tells the brain when it’s time to stop. When you’re sleep deprived, your ghrelin levels increase at the same time that your leptin levels decrease. The results of these two hormones reaction is an increased of eating more food and not feeling full.

These are all natural and practical tips of losing weight as it comes from various health resources and get selected to share with those who had the said problem, which is how to lose WEIGHT?. It only required self discipline and efforts for you to be succeeding, and have a healthy and sexy wanted body without risking your health in an improper way of methods of losing weight.

Eating Your Breakfast Helps on Losing Weight

Have you always taken your breakfast? Well, you have to! In the study made of some health experts they said that eating your breakfast (Cereal also best for breakfast) was associated in your weight control. On those people who had maintained their weight of at least 30lbs in more than one year shows that eating breakfast helps them to be stay in shape or slimmer – Based on National Weight Control Registry. The reason it is because of the tendency that they’ve eat as well fewer calories, less saturated fat, cholesterol, and have a better overall nutritional status.

Therefore, when you skip your breakfast the tendency was to slow down your metabolic rate and drops your blood sugar as well. Due to this you become hungry and have a less energy which results to impulsively snack in the morning which is known for high FAT sweet and you will also tend to eat more in lunch or dinner. That’s why it is important to take our breakfast in the morning so we keep eating less likely in all day. Eating breakfast every day may reduce the risk for obesity and insulin resistance syndrome which may results to an early sign of developing diabetes - by as much as 35 to 50 percent, according to a study presented at a recent American Heart Association conference. 
Cereal In The Morning
 
For those women who ate their cereal on regular basis had less than 9lbs weight comparing to those women who rarely or not at all ate their cereal. While for men, it’s about 6lbs they less as it compared to those men who skipped their breakfast. One more tips, eating cereal as one of your meals in breakfast also helps on maintaining or in losing your weight. This was supported by Nielsen’s National Eating Trends Survey who conducts this study. 
Best Foods To Eat
 
Taking some natural vitamins also helps but it was not be enough. We have to still add some nutritional foods that needed to our body for us to be able to maintain a healthy life. Try to choose foods from at least two or more food groups. Protein foods take longer to digest and will provide sustained energy and keep you feeling full longer.

Here are quick, tasty and nutritious choices to get your day off to a good start:

• Whole-grain granola topped with fruit and yogurt
• Peanut butter spread on whole-wheat toast or a bagel
• Fruit smoothie made with yogurt
• Milk and whole-grain cereal
• Instant oatmeal topped with raisins and milk
• Cheese and whole-grain crackers
• Do not overlook leftovers - a slice of pizza, leftover stir-fry or a bowl of soup zapped in the microwave can be tasty and tide you over to lunch. 
Note: If you also interested to post an healthy tips and/or any health related on this blog. Please leave a message on comment link... Thanks!

Health Benefits of using Organic Cinnamon

Cinnamon (Cinnamomum Zeylanicum) is one of the sources of organic vitamins that delightful sweet taste of spice. Basically the organic cinnamon is being use as additional sweet spice on cookies, cakes, pies, and more which enlivens more after you’ve taste the food. One best recipe that I’ve already tried was called, IslandWood Cinnamon Rolls by Greg Atkinson from his recipe it add 3 tablespoon of 100% Certified Organic Cinnamon for the filling.

In medicine, Cinnamon is high in antioxidant activity which had been known as cure for colds, treat diarrhea, and/or any problem on our digestive system. Furthermore on the health benefits of this organic herb, the oil from cinnamon has an also antimicrobial property which is best to use for preservation of the certain foods. On the recent study, Cinnamon's has found out the enhancing ability of insulin metabolize glucose, helping to control blood sugar levels. Although it is not yet proven to human if it has capability to control the blood sugar level which may resulting into coronary artery disease and/or high blood pressure. Anyway, there are still other health benefits we can gain on using Cinnamon on our food/s...

10 Health and Wellness Tips

Good list of 10 health and wellness tips for having an optimal healthy life that I would like to share to all my readers of this health care magazine blog. Read more to find out these tips that I’ve listed…

1. Drinking coke is not good for your health - as a representative of soft drinks, wreaks havoc on the human organism. Consuming soft drinks is bad for so many reasons that science cannot even state all the consequences.
2. Coffee helps to reduce risk of heart disease – based on the study the antioxidant content present on coffee may help to reduce the inflammatory component of this condition.
3. Quit Smoking – It has many bad effects you may get on one stick of cigarette, you may read my previous post regarding on how you will be able to quit smoking.
4. Another benefit on drinking coffee may reduces liver cirrhosis – Based on the US study over 20 years they found out that there is 22% reduced risk of developing alcoholic cirrhosis for each cup of coffee drunk per day.
5. High Blood Pressure – you may read some of the health care articles of “High Blood Pressure site:sixwise.com” that everything you need to know about this called, silent killer.
6. Exercise and Massage – exercise is another way of being healthy and massage is for everyone this is not luxury instead a health benefit for you.
7. Low Back Pain – follow these steps to relieve your back pain naturally with these nine solutions on “Back Pain: The Seven Most Common Sources of It and Natural Steps to Remedy It”.
8. Healthy Skin – stay beautiful as you are even you getting older.
9. Being Happy – remember laughter is the best alternative medicine.
10. Osteoporosis – keep your bone stranger and drinking glass of milk will definitely a good source to keep your bone healthy. Read this article for the top tactics to prevent low bone mass and osteoporosis.

Vitamin C and Omega-3 fatty acids may help teens fight asthma

Definition:

Vitamin C – An essential water soluble vitamin which presents broad variety of purposes in the human body and the most significant purposes of this vitamin is to act as antioxidant and LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) cholesterol from oxidative damage.

Omega-3 [Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA)]– It’s a family of unsaturated fatty acids derived from linolenic acid which the most important sources of fish oil and vegetables such as flax seeds, hemp seeds, walnuts, and canola oil. The most well known was Omega 3 fatty acids that found in fish oil and was clinically proven on numerous health benefits for human life.

Fatty Acids – Its Individual isomers which commonly known as, FATS which has different potential hundreds of fatty acids and only few dozen of the hundreds found in the food we eat.

Asthma – Is the chronic condition that involve in the respiratory system which the airways sometimes become inflamed, constrict, and are lined with excessive amounts of “mucus” often in response to one or more triggers.

Base on the study held and which published in the Journal Chest – The intake of Vitamin C and Omega 3 essential fatty acids may help “to promote respiratory health and lessen the effects of oxidative stress” for the teenagers who had ASTHMA.

According to author Jane Burns of the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston: “Teens that have the lowest intake of fruits, vitamin C and omega-3 fatty acids tended to have lower pulmonary function and reported more respiratory symptoms than those with higher intake.”

The researchers said “examined the association of dietary factors (fruit, vegetables, vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, retinol, and omega-3 fatty acids) with respiratory health in a cohort of 2,112 12th grade students in 13 communities in the United States and Canada.” As the study going on, they do some question on the teens about their diets, general health, and respiratory symptoms then it tested their adolescents’ lung function as well.

Majority of the teenagers were white, about one-third were overweight and almost three-quarters didn’t take a daily multivitamin. About one-third of the teenagers had dietary decrease when it comes to consumption of fruits, vegetables, vitamins A and E, beta-carotene, and omega-3 fatty acids. A high of 86% didn’t consume the recommended serving of fruits and vegetables each day which should be five to nine servings.

The researchers furthermore discovered that consumption of less than one-quarter of a serving of fruit daily resulted in lower average lung-function scores. A low intake of vitamin E—less than 5.2 mg daily—was associated with an increased risk of reported asthma. A low intake of omega-3 fatty acids—less than 22 mg per day—was associated with increased odds of chronic bronchitis, wheezing and asthma. As a matter of fact based, those with lowest intake of omega 3 fatty acids are those more likely reported for asthma symptoms which are 70%.

Additional data, based on the researched teenagers is urged to increase their intake of all natural vitamins and omega 3 fatty acids.

Living near at cell phone tower… Isn’t Danger?

Based on Sixwise.com posted article, the potential health effect is the primary reason why some residents don’t want to put cell phone towers to their town. As the matter of fact according to Washington attorney Ed Donohue (who represents several cell phone companies) more than 500 cases as many people tried to stop cell phone sites from being constructed across the country. Although most of the cases are in favor to cell phone companies as they stands that federal law does not allow rejection of a tower based on health risks.

If we ask government there’s no further studies that would be conclusively evidence that radio-frequency emissions [RFE] can be harmful to residents that near to cell sites towers. For this reason the question still remains on what are the dangers of living near cell phone towers?. Not questioning the incentives that may earn from this cell phone towers especially for those non-funded schools and churches who allowed the placement of towers to their property. Cell phone companies pay "rent" for their placement that can range anywhere from $800 to $2,000 a month.

Health Forum – Ask the Experts

Have you been participated in some health related forum/s or threads? On the fast following days I’ve been active in participating on some health forums. The discussion I’ve through was the topic about health family, relations and health wellness. which I enjoyed discussing with the other members. The best thing about health forum/s is the well informative conversation you may get to other members as well. For this reasons, you can earned or have some well important tips, advice, and lecture coming from health expert and members on any specific topic/s and you can also give your ideas or knowledge about the thread you’ve joined.

Smoking cigarette is dangerous to your health

Public reminder from high quality natural health products, we all know that cigarette is too bad to our health that’s why I don’t smoke for the reason of I don’t want to die at early of my age. But you! Why you still smoking to much? Does your not aware on the risk that you may encounter? I don’t think so… the warning are already in all part of the world such as commercial, billboards, vehicles, and even also on the pack of the cigarette you buy (“Government Warning: Cigarette are addictive”). The campaign of the government and other non-government organization (NGO) in all over the world is I think enough for us to be aware on the consequences that we can get on a cigarette.

Five reasons why you need now to quit your smoking

1. Smoking is bad for your health
2. Smoking can break your relationships
3. Smoking looks so out of style
4. Smoking is more expensive than quitting smoking
5. It's not as hard as you may think to stop smoking

On the other hand, if you are now thinking to stop your smoking reading some posted health articles may help you to think well and give you enough reasons. On some health experts posted article you be informed and get some important advices, tips, and other alternative ways to overcome your smoking. That would be it… Anyway, if you have also some concern you wanted to share for those smokers please feel free to put feedback or comment for us to help them.

My Wellness Center

Does anyone has already tried the new featured center of MSN health? Called “My Wellness Center (BETA)” it’s a personalized online tool that helps you to set weight-loss and at the same time your fitness goals. The health tools is a free personalized (which is much better) of use, what you only need is to sign-in by using your Windows Live ID to get started. What are the featured of this online tool? The great things it has customize meal plans, Set Up exercise plans, track your progress, store your data, and share your health information to others. How it personalized? The information you’re provided in your profile helps the center to create customized meal and exercise plan which is been unique to your interest and goals.This is another good health and wellness resources we can use on providing long-lasting and synergistic life. Make your body in perfect shape.

10 possible ways to cut your calories

Want to know the best way to cut your calories? Well, outsmart your appetite by secretly trimming 100 calories each day with these sneaky yet simple substitutions. Don’t miss out…

• Breakfast – Instead of flavored syrup for your coffer use cinnamon and nutmeg
- Coffee is healthy for us with just enough cups daily at least two or three cups which to avoid from heart disease and from developing colon cancer.

• Lunch – Salad without croutons
- Croutons means bread diced and fried, instead of this crunch bread it would better some extra carrots and celery. Carrots are rich in fiber, vitamins and minerals while Celery contains of pthalides which helps to lower your blood pressure by relaxing the artery walls.

• Dinner – Eating pizza with grilled chicken is much better than pepperoni.
- The compound within the chicken is better to our body because of the presence of selenium, niacin and the vitamin B6, as well as the good source of zinc.

• Portion control – Leave 3 or 4 bites on your plate
- Eat when it’s needed! Breakfast is the most important meal that why it should be munch on fiber all day long include healthy protein at each meal and refuel every four hours. You must learn to recognize the physical cues that signal a true need for nourishment.

• Side dishes – It much better the season steamed vegetables along with fresh lemon and herbs rather than butter.
- In some vegetables, flavors intensify as the plant matures, which is why the so-called baby versions have wider taste appeal with just as many health benefits. Experiment with baby artichokes, squashes, turnips and carrots (the small ones sold in bunches, with greens still attached) and you may also like the more tender texture.

• Desserts – On cake choose the middle sheet part which is less icing.
- Trend of sweet that may help your waistline in check called mini-desserts. The portion is the key from keeping your calories in check for healthy dessert as well watch the hidden sugar such in barley malt, corn syrup, fruit juice concentrate on any prepared foods.

• Freshen your drink - 100% fruit juice to sweeten fresh brewed iced tea in place of sugar
- Drinking a cup of tea everyday is good to delivers blast of antioxidant compounds which is helps to keep blood vessels relaxed and prevented the blood clots. Flavonoids, the major antioxidants in tea, have been shown to prevent the oxidation of LDL cholesterol that leads to plaque formation on artery walls. These powerful antioxidants may even reduce cholesterol and even lower blood pressure.

• Snacks – instead eating from the bag make control your portions by pouring an invidual serving of pretzels or chips into bowl.
- Their some people, snacks between meals curb their appetite so they eat fewer calories overall. But for others, it can substantially increase the amount of calories they consume and lead to weight gain. So small portions are crucial. Buy whole grain pretzels or baked varieties of potato chips whenever possible.

• Dinner – Removed the bread basket at the table
- Having one or even two salads and a favorite burger or sandwich without the bun. For your satisfaction, creating big salad with using protein from your sandwich is enough. Avoid any special sauce and anything fried, use only two tablespoons of sauce then ask the waiter to take the rest away to avoid dipping.

• Be dip-say – Dip fruit into fat-free yogurt, and veggies in bean dip or salsa.
- Beans are one of the good sources in folate, protein, and fiber which is most of the salsas is only 80 calories in cup. While, tomato has lycopene to lower the risks in heart disease and for possible cancer.

Health benefits of cycling

Cyclists live longer!

Anderson, Lars Bo “All-Cause Mortality Associated With Physical Activity During Leisure Time, Work, Sports and Cycling to Work” Archives of Internal Medicine Vol 160 No. 11 June 12, 2000.

This study took place in Copenhagen, Denmark over 14.5 years. It found that cycling to work (an average of 3 hours cycling per week) decreased risk of mortality by about 40% compared to a sedentary control group. This study involved 30,000 people. The study took into account age, health status, and socio-economic factors such as education. It also found that older people gained even more from physical activity than younger people.

The full report can be found at: http://archinte.ama-assn.org/issues/v160n11/full/ioi90593.html

Lower cholesterol and less risk of heart attacks

Department of Environmental Protection and BikeWest “Cycling 100 Trial” 1999 Cycling 100 was a year-long program in Perth in which free bikes were provided to 100 commuters who volunteered to replace some car trips to work with bicycle commuting. The participants’ health was monitored before and after the trial. The study found that the cyclists’ physical work capacity and aerobic fitness improved. They also experienced significant reductions in LDL cholesterol levels (bad cholesterol) and significant increases in HDL Booster (good cholesterol). They also lowered their risk of heart attacks and strokes.

The Department of Environmental Protection: www.environ.wa.gov.au
BikeWest: www.transport.wa.gov.au/metro/bikewest

Deterrents versus benefits

Ian Roberts, Harry Owen, Peter Lumb, Colin MacDougall. “Pedalling Health – Health Benefits of a Modal Transport Shift.” 1995 Getting more people cycling as part of daily life may be one of the best ways to improve the community’s health and tackle sedentary lifestyles, according to this report. It details health benefits including lower cholesterol, lower blood pressure and reduced risk of heart disease and obesity. The report suggests that the physical risk associated with cycling (i.e. accidents) and costs of providing cycling facilities is far outweighed by the health and environmental benefits of cycling.

The study can be found on the web at: http://sciweb.science.adelaide.edu.au/sundries/ph.nsf

Just what the doctor ordered …

British Medical Association “Cycling Towards Health and Safety” 1992, Oxford University Press: Oxford This book highlights the health benefits of cycling. The issues covered include positive effects on physical and mental health, environmental benefits, and the deterrents and dangers versus the improved life expectancy that results from cycling regularly (eg, the ratio of benefit of cycling to risk involved is 20:1).

A site including recommendations from the BMA is online at: http://www.demon.co.uk/southern/bug/bikelife.html

Breathe easy

Van Wijen, Verhoeff, Henk, Van Bruggen. The exposure of cyclist, car drivers and pedestrians to traffic-related air pollutants. Environmental Health 67 pp 187-193 This study provides statistics on the pollutant concentrations breathed in by cyclists and motorists in one hour during the same journy at the same time and found that motorists are subject to higher pollution levels. Despite the fact that a cyclist breathes about two to three times as much air as the motorist due to physical exertion, the motorist breathed about 60% more carbon monoxide (cyclist: 2670ug/m3, motorist: 6730 ug/m3). Other pollutants all showed significantly lower levels in the cyclists. Physical exercise is also shown to assist in resisting the effects of air pollution.

This study was part of a European Commission publication called “Cycling: the way ahead for towns and cities.” which is available from: http://europe.eu.int/comm/environment/cycling/cycling_en.htm

Get a buzz from a bike

Kate Mytanwy has spent many years working in Mental Health in Australia, and has written several pieces on suicide prevention and the promotion of physical activity for mental health reasons. Her article, ‘Get a buzz from a bike’, surveys both clinical and non-clinical studies into depression and cycling.

The full story can be found at: http://www.depressionet.com.au/articles/exercise.html

Cycling and depression

Suzanne Fitzsimmons and Linda L. Buettner. Easy Rider wheelchair biking: A nursing-recreation therapy clinical trial for the treatment of depression The study investigated the following hypothesis: Older adults who participate in a therapy biking program will have lower levels of depression than those who do not participate in a therapy biking program. The design for this study was a classical experimental design with randomization, a control and treatment group and pre- and post-testing. All consenting residents were pre-tested for depression using the short form Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) 6/05/2005 Page 3 The therapy program, called the Easy Rider program, was scheduled to run four times during the day with a maximum of five subjects scheduled into each session.

The hypotheses, older adults who participate in a therapy biking program will have lower levels of depression than those who do not participate in a therapy biking program was accepted at a highly significant level.

The report of the study can be found at: http://www.recreationtherapy.com/articles/monograph-syracuse.htm

Hazardous alcohol drinking and premature mortality in Russia: a population based case-control study

David A Leon, Lyudmila Saburova, Susannah Tomkins, Evgueny Andreev, Nikolay Kiryanov, Martin McKee, Vladimir M Shkolnikov.

Summary

Background The reason for the low life expectancy in Russian men and large fl uctuations in mortality are unknown. We investigated the contribution of alcohol, and hazardous drinking in particular, to male mortality in a typical Russian city.

Methods Cases were all deaths in men aged 25–54 years living in Izhevsk occurring between Oct 20, 2003, to Oct 3, 2005. Controls were selected at random from the city population and were frequency matched to deaths by age. Interviews with proxy informants living in the same household as cases were done between Dec 11, 2003, and Nov, 16 2005, and were obtained for 62% (1750/2835) of cases and 57% (1750/3078) of controls. We ascertained frequency and usual amount of beer, wine, and spirits consumed and frequency of consumption of manufactured ethanol-based liquids not intended to be drunk (non-beverage alcohol), and markers of problem drinking. Complete information on markers of problem drinking, frequency of alcohol consumption, education, and smoking was available for 1468 cases and 1496 controls.

Findings 751 (51%) cases were classed as problem drinkers or drank non-beverage alcohol, compared with 192 (13%) controls. The mortality odds ratio (OR) for these men, compared with those who either abstained or were non-problematic beverage drinkers, was 6·0 (95% CI 5·0–7·3) after adjustment for smoking and education. The mortality ORs for drinking non-beverage alcohol in the past year (yes vs no) was 9·2 (7·2–11·7) after adjustment for age. Adjustment for volume of ethanol consumed from beverages lowered the OR to 8·3 (6·5–10·7), and further adjustment for education and smoking reduced it to 7·0 (5·5–9·0). A strong direct gradient with mortality was seen for frequency of non-beverage alcohol drinking independent of volume of beverage ethanol consumed. 43% of mortality was attributable to hazardous drinking (problem drinking or non-beverage alcohol consumption, or both) adjusted for smoking and education.

Interpretation Almost half of all deaths in working age men in a typical Russian city may be accounted for by hazardous drinking. Our analyses provide indirect support for the contention that the sharp fl uctuations seen in Russian mortality in the early 1990s could be related to hazardous drinking as indicated by consumption of non-beverage alcohol.

Antiplatelet Drugs

Aspirin and agents acting on the cyclo-oxygenase pathway

Aspirin irreversibly inhibits cyclo-oxygenase by acetylation of amino acids that are next to the active site. In platelets, this is the rate limiting step in synthesis of thromboxane A2, and inhibition occurs in the megakaryocyte so that all budding platelets are dysfunctional. Because platelets are unable to regenerate fresh cyclo-oxygenase in response, the effect of aspirin remains as long as the lifespan of the platelet (generally about 10 days). A severe weakness of aspirin is that its specificity for cyclo-oxygenase means it has little effect on other pathways of platelet activation. Thus aspirin fails to prevent aggregation induced by thrombin and only partially inhibits that induced by ADP and high dose collagen. Antithrombotic doses used in clinical trials have varied widely from less than 50 mg to over 1200 mg/day, with no evidence of any difference in clinical efficacy. Absorption is over 80% with extensive presystemic metabolism to salicylic acid. Only the parent acetylsalicylic acid has any significant effect on platelet function.

Adverse effects of aspirin include haemorrhage, hypersensitivity and skin rashes, alopecia, and purpura. Sulfinpyrazone also inhibits cyclo-oxygenase (thus producing an aspirin-like state), but is reversible, and also inhibits serotonin uptake by platelets. Iloprost is a prostacyclin analogue that exerts its effects by promoting vasodilatation and inhibiting platelet aggregation induced by ADP, thereby opposing the effects of thromboxane A2.

Dipyridamole

Dipyridamole inhibits phosphodiesterase, thus preventing the inactivation of cyclic AMP, intraplatelet levels of which are increased, resulting in reduced activation of cytoplasmic second messengers. However, it may also exert its effect in other ways, such as stimulating prostacyclin release and inhibiting thromboxane A2 formation. The influence of this drug on these pathways causes reduced platelet aggregability and adhesion in vitro with increased platelet survival in vivo. Its effect is relatively short lasting, and repeated dosing or slow release preparations are needed to achieve 24 hour inhibition of platelet function.

Clopidogrel and Ticlopidine

These thienopyridine derivatives inhibit platelet aggregation induced by agonists such as platelet activating factor and collagen, and also dramatically reduce the binding of ADP to a platelet surface purinoreceptor. The mechanism of this inhibitory action seems to be independent of cyclo-oxygenase. There is also impairment of the platelet response to thrombin, collagen, fibrinogen, and von Willebrand factor. The peak action on platelet function occurs after several days of oral dosing. Adverse effects include evidence of bone marrow suppression, in particular leucopenia, especially with ticlopidine.

Other receptor blockers

Signal transduction generally occurs when specific receptors on the surface are occupied by ligands such as ADP, leading to structural modification of the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor on the surface of the platelet. This is the commonest receptor on the platelet surface and represents the final common pathway for platelet aggregation, resulting in crosslinking of platelets. After intravenous administration of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors such as abciximab, platelet aggregation is 90% inhibited within two hours, but function recovers over the course of two days.

The major adverse effect is haemorrhage, and concurrent use of oral anticoagulants is contraindicated. Eptifibatide is a cyclic heptapeptide that mimics the part of the structure of fibrinogen that interacts with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa. Thus it is a fraction of the size of abciximab and is targeted at the same structure on the platelet surface. Clinical trials with oral glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors have been disappointing, with no beneficial effects seen and even some evidence of harm.

Contraindications to aspirin

Absolute

• Active gastrointestinal ulceration
• Hypersensitivity
• Thrombocytopenia

Relative

• History of ulceration or dyspepsia
• Children under 12 years old
• Bleeding disorders
• Warfarin treatment

Edited by:

GREGORY Y H LIP
Professor of cardiovascular medicine and director, haemostasis, thrombosis and vascular biology unit, university department of medicine, City Hospital, Birmingham.

ANDREW D BLANN
Senior lecturer in medicine, haemostasis, thrombosis and vascular biology unit, university department of medicine, City Hospital, Birmingham.

Q & A: Diabetes for Pregnant

I have diabetes. How does it affect my pregnancy?

Answer: Diabetes was once a very serious medical problem during pregnancy. It continues to be an important complication of pregnancy. It continues to be an important complication of pregnancy, but today a woman can go safely through a pregnancy if she has a proper medical care, watches her diet and follows her doctor’s instructions. Using a glucometer to measure your blood sugar is a good practice.

• Glucometer – it measures the amount of sugar in a diabetic patient.

Symptoms of Diabetes are includes;

• An increase in urination
• Blurred vision
• Weight loss
• Dizziness
• Increased hunger

Why is diabetes serious in pregnancy?

Answer: Diabetes can cause several medical problems including kidney problems, eyes problems, blood problems and heart problems, such as hardening of the arteries. Any of these can be very serious to pregnant mum and to her baby as well. If diabetes is not treated, the pregnant will expose her baby to a high concentration of sugar. This is called hyperglycemia and it is not healthy for the baby.

How diabetes can be a problem to the baby?

Answer: if the pregnant have uncontrolled diabetes, the pregnant can face a significant increase in the risk of miscarriage and major abnormalities at the time of birth. The most common fetal problems are health problems, genitourinary problems and gastrointestinal problems.

How is diabetes diagnosed?

Answer: Diabetes is diagnosed with blood test called a fasting blood sugar or glucose-tolerance test.

If there is sugar in my urine, does it mean I have diabetes?

Answer: No, not necessarily, it is common for normal, pregnant, or non-diabetic person to have a small amount of sugar in their urine, called glusuria. This occurs because of changes in your sugar levels and the way sugar is handled in the kidneys or even to a pregnant.

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